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Alexander Baturo, an academic at Dublin City University in Ireland 

who studies term limits, has found that about 60 presidents ¡°from Latin 

America to post-Soviet Eurasia¡± managed to extend their stay in office 

in one way or another in the latter part of the 20th century and early 

21st century. In general, efforts to remove term limits seem to be 

successful ¡ª 79 percent of legislation aimed at removing term limits 

has passed, Dulani found when he looked at 48 countries that discussed 

the removal of term limits.


What happens to presidents who abolish or alter term limits?


While there are numerous differences among each of these situations, 

in general we can break down the eventual outcome of these cases into 

three groups:


The ¡°stepped-down-willinglys.¡± There are world leaders who removed 

or extended term limits but later stepped down willingly. For example, 

Fernando Henrique Cardoso extended Brazil's one-term presidential 

limit to serve a second term, but he stepped down at the end of that 

term in 2002.


The ¡°rulers-for-lives.¡± Then there are the rulers who stay in office for 

the rest of their lives after term limits are changed. Major examples here 

include Venezuela's Hugo Ch¨¢vez, who died in 2013, four years after 

term limits were abolished, and Taiwan's Chiang Kai-shek, who oversaw 

the exemption of the presidency from two-term limits in 1948 and 

remained in office until he died in 1975.


The ¡°ousteds-against-their-wills.¡± Finally, there are the leaders who 

leave office after term limits are abolished ¡ª but only begrudgingly. 

For example, Tunisia's Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali had slowly removed 

term limits over his 23 years in power; he was overthrown in 2011 

during the Arab Spring and fled to Saudi Arabia.


In addition, we will have to include another category for those cases i

n which the eventual fate of the leader is not known:


The ¡°too-soon-to-tells.¡± There are a considerable number of world 

leaders who did away with term limits and are still in power. Among 

the longest-serving leaders on this list is Cameroon's Paul Biya (since 

1982), Uganda's Yoweri Museveni (since 1986), Kazakhstan's 

Nursultan Nazarbayev (since 1990), Tajikstan's Rahmon Emomali 

and Belarus's Alexander Lukashenko (both since 1994), Rwanda's 

Paul Kagame (since 2000), and many others.


What does this mean for Xi ?


While the fate of this last group remains unclear, the strongest evidence 

we have suggests that a term-limit-avoiding president may be more 

likely to become an ¡°ousted-against-their-will¡± than a ¡°ruler-for-life.¡±


In his book ¡°Democracy, Dictatorship, and Term Limits,¡± Baturo 

suggested that though leaders who abolished or otherwise avoided 

term limits did tend to stay in power longer than their peers who 

didn't, they were more likely to be ousted from office or assassinated.


Looking at 47 world leaders who extended their time in office during 

the period between 1960 and 2010, he found that only eight had died 

in office, while 13 had stepped down and retired and three had lost 

reelections. More than half of the total number, however, had been 

violently ousted from office (18) or assassinated (five).


¡°The irony of course is that for the majority of such leaders, they 

would be personally better off if they depart from power when 

required and enjoy political afterlife,¡± Baturo said in an email.


Whether this will apply to Xi is unclear. Unlike most of the countries 

included here, China is not even nominally a democracy, and the inner 

workings of its top leadership can be hard to ascertain. It's also worth 

noting that other world leaders have managed to cling to power 

without abolishing term limits ¡ª Russia's Vladimir Putin being the 

most noteworthy example.


By seeking to avoid term limits, Xi may be doing away with the relative 

stability ensured by his predecessors, who had abided by the two-term

 system installed in 1982. The removal of term limits is ¡°an important 

institution that demarcates dictators proper from other strong leaders¡± 

and may signal a shift toward personalized politics in China, Baturo 

said. And, in general, personalized regimes are not only less democratic 

but also more politically volatile.


¡ª¡ª  Excerpts from Will Xi Jinping be China¡¯s ruler for life? The evidence 

                                    from other countries suggests otherwise

Image result for Adam Taylor Washington, D.C.

  By   Adam  Taylor,   The  Washington  Post    February  27,  2018


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