席琳

在日本和欧洲都作为高大上艺术品的瓷器，在实用主义的美国，尤其是在十八和十九世纪，都是被做成了便盆等实用器的，是对人类卫生和健康事业的重大贡献。

而制作瓷器便盆的厂家，也都是名不见经传的小作坊，和梅森和伊万里，不可同日而语。

关于Burfords瓷器厂，有人说就是俄亥俄州的Burford Brothers(1879-1904)陶器厂：

• The Burford Brothers Pottery (founded in East Liverpool Ohio by Oliver, Robert, and George W.) began producing floor and wall tiles in 1879. After three unsuccessful years, they completely changed focus and began to produce ironstone and c.c. ware (short for cream-colored ware, or common clay ware). By 1887 there were two kilns producing ware, with an annual production of $50,000. They shipped all over the United States, but mainly to the west and northwest. They eventually made hotel ware, and ware they called porcelain but which was not porcelain. Some back stamps refer merely to 'B.B.', or 'Burfords'. In 1904, the brothers went out of business, selling their pottery to the Standard Pottery Company. 

美国人和中国人一样，做事也是马大哈，档桉和历史文献发掘的工作，远不如日本人英国人和德国人细致。所以究竟是什麽人最开始大规模地把瓷器做成了便盆，到现在还都是一笔煳涂账。